The biotransformation of hydrocarbon compounds in seawater at sub-zero temperature has gained research interest in recent years with the most focus placed on temperatures around 0°C. In this study, biotransformation of dispersed diesel at sub-zero temperatures (−2°C to −6°C) in artificial brines, prepared by adding Instant Ocean salt to natural seawater to increase salinity, is examined. The oil was ...

Freshwater provided by rivers beginning deep within the mountains, feeds into fjords along the coast of Norway, often forming a brackish surface layer that will change in its salinity, thickness, and extent throughout the year. As temperature drops below freezing, ice can form from this layer along the entire coastline from 71◦ N down to 58◦ N. The influence of freshwater combined with changing ...

Larger fjords along the Norwegian coast are ice free all year due to the influence of warm Atlantic water, however, sea ice can form in the inner parts of fjords and in smaller fjord branches. While a wide breadth of work exists examining mainland Norwegian fjords often focused on water mass dynamics and their link to biological processes, little research has been conducted on specifically sea ice ...

Ice that forms in the fjords of northern Norway often undergoes temperature fluctuations, rising above and below freezing, throughout winter and experiences variable conditions at the ice-ocean interface due to changes in freshwater runoff from surrounding land. Conditions at the interface can be difficult to track throughout the season without consistent measurement, resultantly limiting ...